Engraved illustration of Benjamin Franklin seated at his desk

Benjamin Franklin at his desk • Mezzotint by engraver Edward Fisher, ca. 1763

On plate tectonics, old Ben got it right 200 years ago

Ben­jamin Franklin is usu­al­ly depict­ed as a grand­fa­ther­ly fel­low, port­ly and genial, who would be at home by the fire of an 18th-cen­tu­ry tav­ern, with a long-stemmed pipe in one hand and a tankard of porter in the oth­er. In the famil­iar por­trait of Franklin by his con­tem­po­rary Edward Fish­er, the great man seems fixed to his chair by a kind of weary contentment.

Image of New England stone wall in winter

Photo by Andrew Malone (CC BY 2.0)

Image of Gondwana rainforest in present day Australia

Gondwana rainforest, New South Wales, Australia • Image by Cgoodwin (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Image of stone wall

A typical New England stone wall • Photo by Sean (CC BY-ND 2.0)

Image of rock with protruding cubic crystals

Sodium chloride crystals • Photo by Christian V (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Image of Santa Claus waving

Photo by Tim Mossholder on Unsplash

Image of Yosemite Valley

Yosemite Valley • Photo by Aniket Deole on Unsplash

Image of garnet crystal

Garnet lherzolite • James St. John (CC BY 2.0)

A sliver full of history

In an essay pub­lished after her death, nov­el­ist Vir­ginia Woolf wrote about spe­cial “moments of being” that some­times inter­rupt the gray, non­de­script “cot­ton wool” of every­day life. One of those moments occurred as she was look­ing at a flower in a gar­den at St. Ives, in Eng­land. It was an ordi­nary plant with a spread of green leaves. She looked at the flower and said, “That is the whole.”

Map of underwater topography

The underwater topography of the world's oceans (Public Domain)